Nk’igice nyamukuru c’uburyo bwo gufatanya amagariyamoshi, amabarabara mpuzamakungu y’amagariyamoshi aragereranywa n’ingero zine z’ingenzi: ibikoresho, ubushobozi, ukugerageza, n’ugukoresha. Inzego rusangi zirerekana imiterere y'"ingingo ngenderwako zemewe kw'isi yose zirongora inzira, ingingo ngenderwako z'akarere zitanga ido n'ido, n'ingingo ngenderwako z'igihugu zihuye n'ibintu bitandukanye." Igikorwa cabo nyamukuru ni ugutunganya imiterere, uguhingura, ukugerageza, n’ugukoresha ibifatanya n’ibindi, gutuma bishobora guhindurwa, bifise umutekano, kandi bikagumaho mu bihugu bitandukanye no mu mirongo y’amagariyamoshi, bikaba vyerekeye ibikorwa bitandukanye vy’amagariyamoshi harimwo n’ivy’amagariyamoshi bisanzwe, ivy’amagariyamoshi bikomeye, n’ivy’amagariyamoshi vyihuta cane. Ubu, ingingo mfatirwako mpuzamakungu zijanye n’ibarabara ry’amagariyamoshi zigabanywe ahanini mu mice itatu: ingingo mfatirwako zemewe kw’isi yose, ingingo mfatirwako zihurikiye hamwe mu karere, n’ingingo mfatirwako zijanye n’ibihugu bininibinini. Izo ngingo mfatirwako zirafashanya, imwe yose ikaba ifise ico yibandako, yose hamwe ikaba ari urutonde rw’ingingo mfatirwako mpuzamakungu rwuzuye.
1. Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry'ugushinga amategeko (ISO) bijanye n'ingingo ngenderwako
1. Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry'ugushinga amategeko (ISO) bijanye n'ingingo ngenderwako
Iciyumviro nyamukuru ni ugupima ibikoresho vy’imirongo y’ivyuma n’ugupima uburyo bwo gufatanya, ari vyo bishingiyeko uguhingura no kugerageza kw’imirongo y’ivyuma kw’isi yose. Ahanini harimwo:
- ISO 22074 series: "Ibikorwa vy'Ibarabara ry'Igariyamoshi-Imirongo-Uburyo bwo Kugerageza Uburyo bwo Gufatanya" isobanura uburyo bwo kugerageza n'ingingo mfatirwako zo guca urubanza ku bimenyetso nyamukuru nk'inguvu z'ivyuma, ugukomera kw'ivyuma, ubuzima bw'urushe, n'ubushobozi bw'ivyuma bifatanya. Ni co kintu nyamukuru rusangi co kugenzura ubushobozi bw’amasanamu.
- ISO 5948: "Itegeko ry'Igerageza ry'Ivyuma vy'Impuzu" rivuga ivy'imiti, imiterere y'ivyuma, imiterere y'ivyuma n'ibindi bisabwa vy'icuma c'impuzu gikoreshwa mu gukora ivyuma vy'impuzu, kandi ritanga ingingo imwe y'uguhitamwo ibikoresho vy'impuzu z'impuzu.
Ibisobanuro vy'ibicuruzwa
2. Ingingo ngenderwako zijanye n’Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu ry’Ibarabara ry’Igariyamoshi (UIC) Zateguwe canecane ku bice vy’inzira y’ibarabara ry’igariyamoshi, izo ngingo ngenderwako zihuye neza n’ivyo ibarabara ry’igariyamoshi rikeneye vy’ukuri kandi zikora nk’ishimikiro ry’ubufatanye mpuzamakungu bw’ibarabara ry’igariyamoshi. Ahanini birimwo: - UIC 860 urutonde: "Ivyangombwa rusangi vy'ubuhinga ku bikoresho vyo gufatanya amabarabara", bivuga ku ngingo ngenderwako z'uguhingura, ukwihanganira ingero, ugutera imbere, n'ibisabwa vyo gushiramwo ibikoresho vy'amabarabara, kandi bisobanura ibisabwa vyo guhuza hagati y'ibikoresho vy'amabarabara n'ibikoresho vy'amabarabara vy'imbere n'ibindi, lines. - UIC 712-3: "Ivyiyumviro vy'Igerageza ry'Urushe rw'Ibifatanya n'Ibarabara" vyibanda ku buryo bwo kugerageza ubuzima bw'urushe ku bikoresho vy'ivyuma, bisaba ko ivyuma vy'ivyuma bitagaragaza imivyimba canke ukunanirwa munsi y'imitwaro yihariye y'ingendo kugira ngo bishobore gukora neza.
3. Ivyagezwe vy'Uburayi (RU)
Inzira z’amagariyamoshi mu bihugu vy’i Buraya zirahuye cane kandi zifise ingingo mfatirwako zihuye cane. Ivyo bipimo nyamukuru bingana no kwemera canke gutunganya ibipimo mpuzamakungu kandi birakoreshwa mu bihugu vy’i Buraya n’ibihugu vyemeza ubwoko bw’amabarabara y’i Buraya. Ahanini harimwo:
- EN 13481 series: "Ibikorwa vy'Ibarabara ry'Igariyamoshi-Ibisabwa kugira ngo Ibarabara ry'Igariyamoshi rikore neza" ni co kigereranyo nyamukuru c'ibikoresho vy'Ibarabara ry'Ibarabara kandi rigabanywemwo ibice bitatu: Igice ca 1 (ibisabwa muri rusangi), Igice ca 2 (Ibisabwa kugira ngo Ibarabara ry'Igariyamoshi rikore neza, C clips), n’Igice ca 3 (ibikoresho bifatanya inzira bitagira ivyuma, bibereye ku nzira y’umuvuduko munini-n’imirongo y’ibikorwa bikomeye-).
- Ivyagezwe bishigikira: Ivyagezwe vy'Ubudage DIN (DIN 17221 "Ivyerekeye Ivyuma vy'Impuzu", DIN EN 13481, bingana n'ivyagezwe vy'Uburayi), Ivyagezwe vy'Ubwongereza BS (BS EN 13481, bingana n'ivyagezwe vy'Uburayi), birushirizaho gutunganya uburyo bwo gukora n'ibisobanuro vy'igerageza.
4.Itegeko ry’Amerika y’Uburaruko Kubera ko amabarabara y’igariyamoshi y’Amerika n’aya Kanada ari yo nzira nyamukuru, ihuye n’ibiranga umurongo w’imitwaro iremereye n’imitwaro minini y’imirongo muri Amerika y’Uburaruko. Ivyo bihano vyibanda ku vyo bikora no ku vyo bizomara igihe kirekire. Ahanini harimwo: - Ingingo ngenderwako za AREMA (Ishirahamwe ry'Abanyamerika ry'Ivy'Ibarabara ry'Igariyamoshi n'Iry'Ibarabara): Igice ca 3 "Imiterere y'Ibarabara" ry'"Igitabo c'Ibarabara ry'Igariyamoshi" kiratomora umukazo wo gupfukama, ubuzima bw'urushe, n'ibisabwa vy'ibikoresho vy'imirongo y'igariyamoshi. AISI 6150 ivyuma vy'amapfundo ni vyo bikoreshwa cane, kandi bivuga ko umuvuduko wo gukomera kw'ibipande vy'ivyuma bikomeye bitegerezwa gushika ku 10-15kN, kandi ubuzima bwo kuruha ntibukwiye kuba munsi y'incuro 3×106st. - Ivyagezwe vya ASTM: ASTM A232 "S4P" Uburyo" butanga ubufasha mu vy'ubuhinga bwo kugerageza ibikoresho vy'impeshi n'ukugerageza ubushobozi, kandi bikoreshwa hamwe n'ingingo mfatirwako za AREMA. ### 3. Igihugu nyamukuru-ingingo ngenderwako zidasanzwe (zihuye n'imimerere y'igihugu, ibiranga) Igihugu cose gifatanya ibiranga ibikorwa vyaco vy'igariyamoshi (nk'umuvuduko munini w'igariyamoshi, umuzigo w'imirongo y'ibikorwa bikomeye, ingingo ngenderwako mpuzamakungu z'akarere bwite ibisabwa mu vy’ubuhinga n’ibigereranyo vy’imirongo y’ivyuma ikoreshwa cane mu gihugu kugira ngo ishobore guhura n’ivyo imirongo yayo bwite ikeneye.
5. Itegeko ry’Ubudage (rishigikira uburyo bwa Vossloh) Rishingiye ku buryo bwo gufatanya ivyuma vy’Ubudage bwa Vossloh, hateguwe itegeko ry’ubudage ry’imirongo y’ivyuma, rifise ubushobozi bwo gupima umuvuduko w’ivyuma, ribereye imirongo y’amagariyamoshi mu bihugu vy’i Buraya no mu bihugu vyinshi vyo kw’isi yose: - Ivyagezwe vy’ishimikiro D01 El 17221, gusobanura ibisabwa mu vy’ubuhinga vy’imirongo y’amapfundo ya SKL (SKL 12/15/18), muri iyo mirongo y’amapfundo ya SKL 15 ifise umuvuduko w’amapfundo w’15kN, ibereye ku nzira z’amabarabara ya UIC60, kandi ni yo ikoreshwa cane. ibikorwa bikomeye-n'ibisabwa vyo gushiramwo vyihuse. Itegeko ry’ingenzi ni BS EN 13481. Ivyo bikoresho bigaragara birimwo urutonde rwa PR (umuvuduko munini wo gukomera, bibereye ku nzira z’amagariyamoshi zikomeye), ubuhinga bwa Fast Clip (ibikoresho vyakoranijwe imbere y’igihe, bifasha gushiramwo ibintu vy’amamashini), n’ibikoresho vya Nabla (umubumbe w’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama).
7. Ibindi bipimo vy'igihugu/akarere - Ubuyapani: JIS E 1115 "Ivyiyumviro vy'Ibifatanya", bifise urutonde rw'ibice vy'ubwoko bwa E-, bibereye imirongo y'amagariyamoshi y'uburebure buke n'imirongo y'amagariyamoshi y'umuvuduko munini w'Ubuyapani, yibanda ku guhindura uburemere buke kandi bukomeye{GO}3{Uburusiya}53 "Ivyangombwa vy'ubuhinga vy'ibikoresho vyo gufatanya inzira y'amagariyamoshi", bihuye n'imirongo y'uburebure bwagutse bw'Uburusiya, biratomora ibikoresho, ubunini n'ibisabwa vyo kurwanya-ugusenyuka kw'imirongo y'amagariyamoshi, kandi bihuye n'ibikoresho vy'amagariyamoshi vy'Uburusiya n'ibipande vy'ivyuma. - Australia: AS 1085.14 "Tra heavy-haul railways, ifise ibisabwa vyinshi ku buzima bw’urushe no ku guhangana n’ugusenyuka kw’imirongo y’ivyuma.
8. Ivyagezwe vy’Abashinwa (Urutonde rwa TB/T)
Kubera ko bihuye n’ivyo Ubushinwa bukeneye bitandukanye, vy’umuvuduko munini, n’ibiremerera, hashizweho uburyo bushitse bwo gupima inzira y’amagariyamoshi, umushinge wavyo ukaba ugizwe n’ibi:
- TB/T 3065 series: Amapfundo y’Ibarabara ry’Igariyamoshi (verisiyo nshasha TB/T 3065-2020), apfutse amapfundo akoreshwa cane nk’ubwoko bwa I, ubwoko bwa II, n’ubwoko bwa III, kandi agaragaza inguvu zo gufatanya, urugendo rw’amapfundo, n’ibikoresho bisabwa ku mapfundo atandukanye rAC naSi60com icuma c’impeshi).
- TB/T 3395.3-2015: Itegeko ridasanzwe ry'ibipimo vy'inzira y'umuyagankuba vy'umuvuduko munini-, rishira imbere ibisabwa vyinshi ku bijanye n'uburemere, ubuzima bw'urushe n'ubushobozi bwo kwikingira ibikoresho vy'inzira y'umuyagankuba bitagira umuvuduko, kandi bibereye ku nzira y'umuyagankuba n'umuvuduko munini. hejuru.
Mu bikorwa, imigambi myinshi y’amabarabara y’igariyamoshi ishira imbere ingingo za UIC na EN kugira ngo habeho uguhuza kw’imipaka. Ivyiyumviro vy’igihugu bitanga ubuyobozi bw’inyongera ku bijanye n’ingene ibikorwa vyihariye bigenda. Muri rusangi, ugushinga urugero rw’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bikubiyemwo uguhitamwo ibikoresho, uguhingura imibumbe, n’ugukora neza kw’urushe, bikaba bitanga umushinge ukomeye w’ibikorwa vy’amagariyamoshi bitekanye kandi vyizewe kw’isi yose.
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