Mu bikorwa nk’ivyo kugura amatiyo, ubwubatsi bw’abahinga, gushaza imbere mu nzu, no gutwara amazi y’imiti, amatiyo y’icuma, n’ivyiza vyayo vyo kudasenyuka, gukomera cane, kumara igihe kirekire, no gusa n’uwukwegera, vyacitse kimwe mu bwoko bw’amatiyo bukoreshwa cane. Abakozi benshi bagura, abahinga n’abatanga ibikoresho kenshi baratangazwa n’ubwoko bwinshi bw’ivyuma bitagira ibara igihe bahitamwo ibikoresho: 201, 304, 316L, 430... Ni ubuhe butandukaniro nyabwo buri hagati y’ivyo bipimo bitandukanye? Ni gute umuntu akwiye guhitamwo ashingiye ku vyo akoresha? Uyu musi, tuzosubiramwo neza ibikoresho vy’imiyoboro y’icuma bitagira ibara biri kw’isoko, dusigure ibiranga, ubudasa, n’ikoreshwa ryiza ry’ubwoko bumwebumwe, kandi dufashe umuntu wese kwirinda amakosa yo guhitamwo ibikoresho. Ivyuma bikomeye vy’imiyoboro biri kw’isoko ahanini bigabanywamwo ibice bine: 200 series, 300 series, 400 series, n’ivyuma bitagira ibara bibiri. Urutonde rutandukanye ruratandukanye cane mu bijanye n’ivyuma birimwo, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ugusenyuka, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ubushuhe bwinshi, ubushobozi bwo gutunganya, n’igiciro, ivyo na vyo nyene ni vyo bifadika gutandukanya ibice.
一. 200 Urutonde rw'imiyoboro y'icuma kitagira ibara: Manganese nyinshi, Nickel nto, igiciro-Ihitamwo ryiza
Ibikoresho vy’uguserukira: 201, 202
Urutonde rwa 200 ni urw’icuma c’ivyuma bitagira ibara. Kugira ngo igiciro kigabanuke, manganese irakoreshwa mu gusubirira igice c’ivyuma vyitwa nickel, ivyo bikaba bituma ubu ari yo tiyo y’icuma idashobora gusenyuka ihendutse kuruta izindi zose ziri kw’isoko. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhangana n’umugese ni ubw’agaciro kandi bubereye gusa ibidukikije vy’imbere mu nzu vyumye, bitagira -ubumara. Ivyuma bisanzwe vyo mu nzu, imiyoboro y’ibikoresho, ibisharizo bisanzwe vyo mu nzu, n’imiyoboro yoroshe y’igihe gito ahanini ikoresha imiyoboro 201 y’icuma kitagira ibara.
Intege nke zayo ziragaragara cane: ntizishobora guhangana n’umunyu n’amazi n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri. Iyo umuntu asigaye hanze, mu bice vyo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga canke mu mahinguriro afise ubukonje igihe kirekire, biroroshe cane ko agira umugese kandi akagira amabara ku ruhande. Ku bw’ivyo, ntivyiza na gato ku bijanye n’ugutanga amazi n’ugukura amazi, ivy’imiti, ivy’ubuhinga bwo hanze canke ivy’ugukora ibikorwa vyo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga. Iyo umuntu ahisemwo ataco abona 201 aho guhitamwo ibikoresho vy’agaciro kanini kugira gusa akurikirane igiciro gito, mu nyuma igiciro co kubibungabunga no gusubirira kizokwongerekana cane.
2. 300 Urutonde rw'imiyoboro y'icuma kitagira ibara: Ibikorwa vyiza muri rusangi, Isoko ry'Igihugu
Urutonde rwa 300 na rwo nyene ni icuma kidashobora gusenyuka kandi ubu ni rwo rutonde rukoreshwa cane kandi rufise izina rikomeye cane. Ni non-magnet, ifise uburinganire bwo guhangana n’ugusenyuka, ubukomezi, n’ubushobozi bwo gusudira, kandi ingero zayo zidasanzwe zirashirwako cane.
1. 304 Umuyoboro w'icuma kitagira ibara (Ikigereranyo rusangi)
Iyi ni ivyuma bitagira ibara vy’agaciro kuruta ibindi vyose mu vyo abantu bose babona, bifise igipimo ca chromium na nickel kiringaniye mu buryo bwa siyansi, bikora neza muri rusangi, bifise ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ugusenyuka kw’amazi meza, kandi bifise ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ugusenyuka kw’amazi mu bushuhe busanzwe. Ni vyiza cane kandi gukora, gupfukama no gusudira.
304 imiyoboro y’icuma idashobora gusenyuka ipfuka igice kinini c’ibikorwa vy’abasivile n’ivy’inganda rusangi: imiyoboro y’amazi yo kunywa, imiyoboro y’ibikoresho vyo gutunganya ibifungurwa, imiyoboro y’amazi y’igisagara n’imiyoboro y’amazi, deline imashini, etc. Ishobora gukoreshwa mu nzu no mu bibanza vyumye hanze, kandi ni co gikoresho nyamukuru co guhitamwo mu gutanga amasoko y’ubuhinga.
2. 304L Umuyoboro w'icuma kidashobora gusenyuka (Verisiyo yavuguruwe y'ivyuma bike)
Hashingiwe kuri 304, ivy’umuyagankuba biragabanywa. Inyungu nyamukuru yayo ni uko ikora neza cane mu gusudira, ivyo bikaba bituma idashobora gusenyuka hagati y’ibihimba vy’umubiri inyuma yo gusudira, kandi ivyo bisudira ntivyoroshe gusaduka canke gusenyuka.
Ni vyiza ku migambi minini y’amatiyo, amatiyo y’ibidengeri vyo kubika amazi, n’amatiyo y’urugendo rurerure-bisaba gusudira cane ku kibanza, bikaba bituma ari yo ihitamwo ryiza ku bikorwa vyo gusudira mu nganda.
3. 316 na 316L Ivyuma Bitagira Ibara (Ivyiyumviro Bikomeye-Ivyiyumviro Bidashobora Gusenyuka)
Ivyo bikoresho vyose birimwo molybdenum yongeweko, ari yo ntandukaniro nyamukuru ugereranije na 304. Molybdenum iratuma cane umuyoboro ushobora guhangana n’iyon za chloride, umunyu, n’ugusenyuka kw’aside-base, bikaba bituma ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhangana n’ugusenyuka busumba kure 304, kandi igiciro cayo kikaba ari kinini cane.
Muri izo, 316L ni yo ifise -carbon version, itanga ugushikama kwiza inyuma yo gusudira. Ubwo bwoko bw’imiyoboro burabereye cane cane ahantu ho ku nkengera y’ikiyaga, ubuhinga bwo mu kiyaga, gutwara amazi yo mu kiyaga, imiti, imiti myiza, gusukura amazi mabi, n’ibindi bidukikije bishobora gutera ubumara bwinshi, kandi burakoreshwa cane mu bikoresho vy’ubuvuzi no mu bikoresho vy’isuku vy’agaciro kanini. Mu bihe birimwo umunyu canke klorine, aho 304 idashobora gukoreshwa, muri rusangi 316L ni yo ihitamwo.
4. 321 Umuyoboro w'icuma kitagira ibara (wakozwe cane cane ku bushuhe bwinshi)
Ivyo bikoresho vyongerwako ibintu vy’ivyuma bita titanium, ahanini kugira ngo bigumye bikomeye. Ishobora kuguma ikora neza mu bidukikije bifise ubushuhe bwinshi kuva kuri degre 450 gushika kuri degre 850 , ikaba ishobora guhangana n’ubushuhe bwinshi -n’ugusenyuka kw’ibinyabuzima n’ugusenyuka kw’ibihimba vy’umubiri.
Si ikomeye cane mu guhangana n’aside n’amazi, ariko yibanda ku guhangana n’ubushuhe bwinshi-, kandi ikoreshwa cane cane mu miyoboro y’amazi y’amazi, mu bikoresho bihindura ubushuhe, no mu miyoboro y’inganda itanga gazi y’umwotsi y’ubushuhe bwinshi-, mu bindi bikorwa vy’ubushuhe bwinshi-.
3.400 Urutonde rw'Imiyoboro y'Ivyuma Bitagira Ibara: Ferritic / Martensitic, Igikoresho c'Umuyagankuba
Udakunze urutonde rwa 300 rudakoresha amabuye y’agaciro, urutonde rwa 400 rw’ivyuma bitagira ibara rwose rufise amabuye y’agaciro, nta nickel rurimwo, rufise igiciro gito, kandi rugabanywamwo inzira zibiri zikomeye zo gukoresha zishingiye ku bushobozi.
1. 430 Umuyoboro w'icuma kidashobora gusenyuka (Ukundwa mu gushaza no gukoresha buri musi)
Ni ivy’icuma kitagira ibara, gifise ingaruka nziza zo gusukura ahantu, gishobora guhangana n’umugese, kandi n’igiciro-ciza. Igikoresho caco co guhangana n’ugusenyuka kiragoyagoya kuruta 304 ariko ni ciza kuruta 201. Ikoreshwa cane mu bikoresho vyo mu gikoni, mu bihimba vy’ibikoresho, mu miyoboro isanzwe yo gushaza, no mu bikoresho bishobora gusenyuka bikeyi kubera aside nitrique. Ibereye ku bihe aho inkomezi nyinshi zidakenewe, yibanda ku kuntu igaragara no ku kwirinda umugese w’ishimikiro.
2. 409, 410, 420 Amatiyo y'icuma kidashobora gusenyuka (Ishobora guhangana n'ubushuhe, ishobora guhangana n'inkomezi nyinshi)
409 ahanini ishimika ku guhangana n’ubushuhe kandi ikoreshwa cane mu miyoboro y’umuyaga wo mu modoka no mu miyoboro y’umuyagankuba w’inganda ufise ubushuhe buke-; 410 na 420 ni ivyuma bitagira ibara vy’ubwoko bwa martensite bifise carbone nyinshi, bishobora kwongera ubukomezi n’ubukomezi biciye mu gukoresha ubushuhe, ariko ubushobozi bwavyo bwo guhangana n’ugusenyuka ni ubw’agaciro. Ubwo bwoko bw’imiyoboro ntibukoreshwa mu miyoboro irwanya-ugusenyuka kandi akenshi bukoreshwa mu guhingura amavalve, amashafu, ibihimba vy’ubuhinga, ibyuma, n’ibindi bihimba bisaba gukomera no guhangana n’ugusambuka.
5. Kumenya ibikoresho vyihuse no kugura Incamake
Dufatanije ivyo bimenyetso biri hejuru, dutunganya uburyo bwo kugura mu buryo bugororotse cane kugira ngo dufashe umuntu wese kwihuta guhura n’ivyo akeneye:
1.Ingengo y'imari igabanutse, ibidukikije vyumye vyo mu nzu gusa:uhitemwo 201, gusa ku bijanye no gushaza no ku bibanza vyoroshe, bidakorana n’amazi canke ibikoresho bishobora gutera uburozi;
Ivyiyumviro rusangi, amazi yo kunywa, ivyokurya, ubuhinga busanzwe, ibidukikije bisanzwe vyo mu nzu n’ivyo hanze: ihitamwo rya mbere 304, kuko ritanga igiciro kiringaniye kuruta ibindi vyose-ibikorwa n’ibikorwa;
2.Imigambi y'imiyoboro n'ugusudira cane:gushiramwo imbere 304L;
3.Ibidukikije bifise uburozi bwinshi nk'ibibanza vyo ku nkengera y'ikiyaga, ku nkengera y'ikiyaga, amazi y'ikiyaga, imiti, imiti:genda ku 316/316L;
4.Imiyoboro y'ubushuhe bwinshi, amaboteri, ibikoresho vyo guhindura ubushuhe:gukoresha 321;
5.Ibikoresho vyo mu nzu, gushaza bisanzwe, guhangana n'ubumara:uhitemwo 430;
6.Ibice vy'ubuhinga, ubushuhe bwinshi -umuriro, ubukomezi bwinshi -ibice:ukoreshe 409, 410, 420.
Mu kugura imiyoboro y’icuma kidashobora gusenyuka, nta kintu ciza cane kiriho, ahubwo ni ikintu kibereye gusa. Abaguzi benshi baragwa bitagoranye mu mutego wo ‘kwibanda ku giciro gusa,’ bagasubirira amatiyo asabwa cane-ibikoresho vy’igiciro gito-, ivyo bikaba bituma amaherezo haba ibibazo nk’ugusenyuka, ukuvuza, n’ugusubira gukora umugambi. Gutahura itandukaniro ry’ingenzi hagati y’ibikoresho, no kwihweza ibintu nk’ibidukikije bikoreshwa, ivy’ugusenyuka, ubushuhe busabwa, n’ingengo y’imari, ni bwo buryo bwonyene bwo guhitamwo imiyoboro y’icuma idashobora gusenyuka iramba, idatera ingorane, kandi idatwara amahera menshi, bikagabanya ikoreshwa ry’ugukevya mu gutanga amasoko no mu gutanga amasoko.
